Stagnation in India (1965 To 1980) Was Due To Sharp Reductions in Essay

Stagnation in India (1965 To 1980) Was Due To Sharp Reductions in Public Investments in the Mid-1960s - Essay Example The period of mid-1960s as well as early 1970s has been found to be facing numerous economic problems. The reasons behind such problems stemmed from the fact that since India faced wars with its neighboring countries, huge amount of resources were spend towards defense which reduced the amount of public investment, thus significantly affecting the growth of India. The other reason behind the stagnation was the issues related to foreign exchange situation that forced the country to devalue its currency in the year 1966. The production of the food was insufficient because of the rising demand and therefore it became necessary for India to import the food items from other countries (FAO, â€Å"India†). It was observed that there was decline in the growth rate of public investment which can be identified as one of the significant factors in the decline of the industrial growth rate after the mid-1960s. The paper tries to identify the state of economy of India during the period of 1965-1980. It will review the impacts of low public investment in the mid-1960s on India and the steps taken by the political leaders to combat the problems (Sridharan, E., â€Å"The Political Economy Of Industrial Promotion: Indian, Brazilian, And Korean Electronics In Comparative Perspective 1969-1994†). Indian Economy since Independence and During the Period of Stagnation The main question that arises is related to the performance of India since 1947, the year of its independence. It has been believed that the economy of India was stuck from the times of independence; during that period ‘Hindu rate of growth’ was nearly 3.5% per annum. The period of seventies was commonly referred to as ‘Hindu rate of growth period’. It was revealed that the reason behind the decline in the gross domestic product (GDP) growth during the period of sixties have been due to sharp decline in the growth of agriculture from the middle of sixties. After Green Revolution was introduced, there were important changes in the growth possibility of agriculture. During the period of 1965-1980, the policies were generated as a result of immediate crisis in the economy of India as well as political suitability rather than by economic logic. It has been observed that this period saw disconnectedness in the policies and the procedures of the government. It was found that various strategies adopted by the country for the purpose of the development of the nation failed miserably before the reforms of the nineties. The three components such as too much controls and inward-looking policies as well as substantial and inefficient public sector suppressed the growth during the seventies and to a certain extent in the eighties as well (Virmani, â€Å"India’s Economic Growth: From Socialist Rate of Growth to Bharatiya Rate of Growth†). The decline in the growth rate of industries in the economy of India during the sixties has been characterized as provis ional downward deviation in relation to trend. However, in the present times, the scenarios are being reflected as long-run tendencies leading to stagnation

Write a 4-page paper on the issue of GENDER and SEXUALITY in America Research

Write a 4-page on the issue of GENDER and SEXUALITY in America film - Research Paper Example This distorted stereotypical image is common in the American film â€Å"Sex and the City† and the stereotypes are portrayed under different themes as indicated below. The outline of the research will be under four different themes and each theme is going to show explicitly how the gender stereotypes are brought up in the film and the impact of those stereotypes on the characters. writer, Samantha is in the public relations business, Miranda is a lawyer and Charlotte is an art dealer http://www.hbo.com/sex-and-the-city/index.html. The film takes us through the daily lives of these women and it has several gender stereotypes. The stereotypes are however not on the four women only but also on the male characters in the movie. These stereotypes are in careers and relationships and what is expected of the men and also on the women. All these will be discussed below under the different sub titles and the gender stereotype pointed out. This is about being homosexual or heterosexual and the gender stereotype surrounding this orientation. Charlotte has a fashion designer male friend who is gay and a relationship with Carrey’s gay friend who is also into fashion and even cross dresses. This does not appear favorable to Charlotte’s friend and even makes it hard for them to be intimate in public. The stereotype comes in where the gays in the film are portrayed to appear to be only in fashion design and not in other careers. This is a way of making them appear feminine whereas it is a fact that not all gay men are feminine in nature. This is a gendered stereotype because when it comes to lesbians (like the one Samantha was dating at a point in the film, no one seems to categorize them with being in a particular career or expect them to behave in a feminine or masculine manner.) This makes the gay male in the community be stereotyped with everyone expecting them to be in the fashion industry and not in any other job. They are also expected

Future Trends Influencing Police Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Future Trends Influencing Police - Essay Example Technology has increasing become an indispensable tool in the contemporary times. The efficient use of technology within the operation of policing has greatly aided the police force to enforce law and order. Indeed, the use of technology has hugely facilitated the police to enhance its effectiveness in resolving crime and punishing the criminals with more authenticity. The advancement made in forensic science and uses of sophisticated technology to investigate complicated criminal issues have shown that trends in technology would remain the major factors of influence within the police force. To efficiently handle the increasing numbers of cyber crimes have also made technology an intrinsic part of policing in the 21st century. Hedlund and McCartt (2002) of AAA Foundation of Traffic Safety, claim in their report that ‘drunk drivers continue to plague American highways. They crash, they injure, and they kill. In 2000, 16,653 traffic fatalities — 40 percent of all highway d eaths’. The drunk driving has today become a major road menace that needs to be tackled with more innovative approach. The punishment and financial fine have not been an effective deterrent for the offenders.

Organization Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organization Project - Assignment Example BP Oil is among the top six major oil and gas corporations in the world. They are currently involved in massive explorations in different parts of the world. The company is a British multinational corporation with headquarters in London. The analysis of the history of BP Plc. reveals that the company’s management strategy has not changed much over the years. The origin of BP is traced to 1908 when a group of British geologists discovered oil in Iran. The company has a reputation for partaking in highly risky ventures. It was officially called the British Petroleum in 1954 (BP, n.d.). The willingness to take on risky ventures has yielded both positive and negative returns. The positive return is the increase in revenue earned while the negative effects are the public relation problems caused by many oils spills. The company management was based on the establishment of structures that divided the company into top, mid-level and lower level management. BP has always used the system management style, which ensures a proper division of the business to facilitate the flow of orders and functions. The orders came from top management to the middle level and lower level expected to implement them. Top management formulates strategies and the overall goals. The middle-level management can plan and control resources to ensure the overall strategic goals are met. The lower level management are involved in implementing the plans that have been made by middle-level management. Currently, BP Systems management style has been enhanced by the addition of sustainable management. The 2010 Oil Spill played a significant role in pushing BP to adopt sustainable management, which aims at protecting the environment. Sustainable management is meant to ensure BP prevents further environmental damage. It also improves the public image of the company. The company’s current strategy is guided by clear priorities, quality portfolio, and

Contemporary Issues in Financial Services Essay - 3

Contemporary Issues in Financial Services - Essay Example Nonetheless, from this essay, one will understand that financial intermediaries are here to stay, considering their positive influence in the economy, which supersedes their negative influence in the economy. Financial markets exist in almost all countries in the world, as these play an important role in the economy of a country. A financial market can be defined as a type of market where there is the trade of money and other assets, which are in the form of finances. In this kind of market, financial assets are traded in different manners. For instance, this includes the exchange of previously traded financial assets, as well as the trade of new financial assets. Besley and Brigham (2011) note that, financial markets are different from asset markets, and that this is a conceptual term, since financial markets lack a specific location, as in the case of asset markets. In the financial markets, borrowers and lenders interact at different levels. Therefore, there is also borrowing and lending activities in financial markets. ... Financial markets are significant to an economy, because of the roles they play in a country. First, financial markets enable lending and borrowing to take place. This is through the granting of purchasing power to various agents, to transfer funds for different purposes, including investments and consumption (Burton, Nesiba & Brown 2009). Financial markets also play a significant role in determining prices for new financial assets and the existing ones. These also allow for the risk sharing between providers of funds and the investors. In addition, the stockholder in a financial market is given an opportunity to resell their financial assets, a process known as liquidity. Finally, financial markets help in the reduction of both the costs incurred in transaction and information, thus increasing the level of efficiency. Besley and Brigham emphasize the importance of financial markets, as enabling the flow of cash in the economy, since these avail different ways for lenders and borrowe rs to transact financially (2011). In the financial markets, there are different types of players, just as the case of any ordinary market dealing with goods and services. These various players in financial markets are what are referred to as ‘financial institutions.’ These mainly make their profits from the transactions between the borrowers and lenders in the financial markets. These financial institutions in the United States of America are classified into four major broad categories. These include brokers, financial intermediaries, dealers, and investment bankers. All these have their specific functions in financial markets, and therefore, are of high value. Sometimes, the financial markets

The Catholic School -Awakening a sense of the sacred in the lives of Essay

The Catholic School -Awakening a sense of the sacred in the lives of young people today - Essay Example Thus the spiritual formation must be attributed though continual sustenance of the distinctive characteristics of the catholic school under the Irish education system. Thus, the identity of the next generation of Catholics is under continuous surmise and survey. They may either have a strong sense of their Catholic identity, or will they may grow on to reflect a more generic Christian identity, without the distinctiveness associated with Catholicism. And this is where an appropriate catholic school is of great importance that can awaken in them a pure catholic system of values. A number of social commentators such as Dean R. Hoge and James J. Davidson suggest that the Catholic identity of young Catholics is quite troubled2, since faced by a secular and postmodern culture they are disillusioned by such confusing variety. Hoge3 calls it a â€Å"culture of choice† where religious affiliations or church memberships are strictly voluntary and to be chosen on the basis of personal p reference, people are drifting away from understanding the intrinsic values of spiritual life. Furthermore, many younger Catholics are quite unfamiliar with their religious tradition. And with no idea of their own scriptures, they know little of the history or doctrine of their church, and few would be able to tell the stories of the saints. In his book, Catholicism, Richard McBrien identifies two characteristic foci of the Catholic tradition—one philosophical, the other theological.4 Both the pursuit of Catholicism is in reality pluralistic in its approach to truth. Catholic identity traditionally has included for Catholics a sense for the historical uniqueness of their Church; they understand it as a worldwide, visible community, now almost two thousand years old, with roots stretching back to the church of the apostles. Youths of this generation are not given much encouragement to learn

Life of Maya Angelou Essay Example for Free

Life of Maya Angelou Essay Maya Angelou was born an African American. One would feel the agony she went through to be born as such and in America. Her grandmother was raped and bore a child; this child later came to be her mother. Similar to the ferocity her grandmother experienced, she was raped as a child by her mother’s boyfriend who was later on killed by her uncles. Because of this, she didn’t speak for almost six years afraid that her words had killed the man. This must be the dawn of her path to being a writer, realizing that words are powerful. If it could kill then it could give life as well. When her parents divorced, her grandmother took good care of her and her brother Bailey, Jr. and it was him who called her Maya. She became many things: a dancer, a cable car operator, a singer, a waitress, and where she flourished, a writer. The turn of her career came when she went to Egypt and Ghana. She went back to America to support Malcolm X’s Organization of African American Unity but he was assassinated. The struggle of the race continued as she supported Martin Luther King, Jr. who was also assassinated defending the African American cause, this made Maya Angelou devastated. She never stopped working for the emancipation of the African Americans and continued writing for equal rights and liberty. And so, in 1993, she read On the Pulse of Morning,’ at President William Jefferson Clintons inauguration at the White House. Her words are valuable to the nation. Her words influence men of power. Her life is interesting which produced works that are priceless to the American people most especially to the African Americans of whom she dedicated her efforts to for their emancipation. Angelou’s style of writing categorized her works in the genre of autobiographical fiction because of her writing styles in dialogues, characterization, development of theme, setting, plot and language. But for her, these are simply autobiographies. She speaks through her writing what she has learned or learning out of life. In her interview with Mike Schneider in Bloomberg TV, she talked to all women as her daughters for her book, â€Å"Letter to My Daughter†. She speaks to them how a woman surpasses an incident in life as she would, given a similar situation. She writes to all the women as her daughters, sharing with them her story like she was one with them. In the poem, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Birds Sing†, one would feel between the lines how an African American feels in the land called America. The words are simple and yet powerful in the sense that it deeply triggers emotions from the reader. These are deep sentiments of an enslaved race, wanting to be free but â€Å"the bird’s wings are clipped†. Feelings of being held while the other birds are free: is something that she has undergone while the whites enjoy the liberty of being part of their race. A critic named Lupton, considered Angelou’s writings as autobiographies for they contain the elements of such: written by a single author, chronological, and they contain character, technique and them. Although, there are parts that are fictional, the elements necessary for an autobiography are present. Angelou has the tendency to go to the direction against the convention of what an autobiography is. She used the first person singular, â€Å"I† in talking about â€Å"we†. She is placed among the African American autobiographists but other writers insist that she has created a different kind of interpretation of the autobiographical form. The book, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†, became an acclaim containing the sentiments of the black people. She wrote it out of a challenge by Robert Loomis, her editor, for her to write â€Å"high art†. African American literature is more challenged in such that the authors have to agree about the status of their writings on whether it’s â€Å"high art†. O’Neale considers Angelou’s poetry a â€Å"more expected ghetto expressiveness† and she also avoids a monolithic Black language. The bird was used as metaphor that is struggling to set itself free from its cage. The cage that incarcerates the creature represents â€Å"oppression† of the African American people. It must be emphasized as well that Angelou doesn’t intend to isolate the white people. She wanted to promote the relevance of diligence so as to change the concept of laziness among African Americans. At the latter part of the 1960s, one of her goals was to create a book that satisfied the criteria, â€Å"organic unity†. According to English literature scholar Valerie Sayers, her poetry and prose are similar because of the episodes which are done like a series of short stories, but they do not follow a chronology of events. Her prose and poems are both in â€Å"direct voice†, which are characterized by steady rhythms with lyrical patterns that use figures of speech (similes and metaphors). Hagen has mentioned that Angelou’s works were influenced by the African American community’s literary and oral tradition. She uses the â€Å"blues† music and literary characters in testifying about her life and hardships, with the use of metaphors, rhythms, and intonations. Angelou’s one of the most important themes are â€Å"kinship†, this has something to do with her parents abandonment of her and her brother, her relationship with her son, husbands and lovers all throughout her books. She discusses the value of family relationships of how it can affect development of a person. She spoke of her paternal grandmother who prophesied of her being a teacher when she intentionally went mute. Telling her that she would be a teacher someday but how could that happen if she does not speak. In most of her books, â€Å"motherhood† is predominantly manifested based on her experiences as a single mother, a daughter, and a granddaughter. Like in the book, â€Å"Letter to My Daughter†, she dedicated this book to all women pondering on their life experiences. She delivered words of wisdom to soothe and give directions to their souls. When asked if she would say the same things to her son or sons, she said it would be different. She would never know how it is to be a man. If she would write something for her son/sons, it would be through the perspective of a woman. Her plot often surrounds in this motif – mother child. â€Å"The woman who survives intact and happy must be at once tender and tough. † Maya Angelou, Wouldnt Take Nothing For My Journey Now (1994) She is an embodiment of strength and wisdom. This is where she gets her tenets from the experiences she has gained from childhood up to the present which molded her to become a woman whom people listen to. For Scholar Mary Burgher, African American women autobiographers have rejected the stereotyping of roles as â€Å"breeder and matriarch† of their kind and they are being presented as â€Å"creative and personally fulfilling†. Maya Angelou also wanted to deliver the message that women are more than the purpose of bringing forth children. Women are valuable beings in society as much as men are. In her books, women are winners and are brilliant who have overcome hindrances of racial discrimination. She has been influenced greatly by her relationship with her grandmother who died early in her third autobiography, â€Å"Singin’ and Swingin’ and Getting’ Merry Like Christmas†. Momma (Angelou’s grandmother), is quoted in the whole book. I write because I am a Black woman, listening attentively to her people. Maya Angelou, 1984[87] She has greatly contributed to the emancipation of the black people in America working alongside with Malcom X and Martin Luther King, Jr. Went through devastation because of their deaths but continued on the struggle of her people. She continued to express the pains she goes through as a black woman through her music and poems. Using her gift in expressing through words her thoughts and struggles, unified the very same sentiments of all the black people in America. Her experiences especially from childhood gave her the foundation she needed to become who she is now. Everything that transpired in her life was a message she depicted in all her books. She resisted racial biases and protested outright to effect change in American society. She mentioned in her interviews when asked if she was angry, she said, â€Å"I am angry but I am not bitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , reiterating that anger was necessary to express indignation to the unjust treatment towards the black people. She emphasized, however, that she is not bitter. There is a difference between those two. She used anger to advance the cause of African Americans but made sure there is no bitterness in her heart. Works Cited Hagen, L. (1997). Heart of a Woman, Mind of a Writer, and Soul of a Poet: A Critical Analysis of the Writings of Maya Angelou. Lanham, Maryland: University Press. Lauret, M. (1994). Liberating Literature: Feminist fiction in America. New York: Routledge. ONeale, S. (1984). Reconstruction of the Composite Self: New Images of Black Women in Maya Angelous Continuing Autobiography. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.